Devender

Google Gemini vs. ChatGPT4: A Feature Showdown Both Google Gemini and ChatGPT4 are large language models (LLMs) capable of generating human-quality text, translating languages, writing different kinds of creative content, and answering your questions in an informative way.  Google Gemini Nature : Google Gemini is not a widely recognized product or project name associated with Google in the public domain as of my last update. Google has numerous projects and products, including Google Search, Google Assistant, and various AI research projects. If "Gemini" refers to a specific tool or project within Google, it might be something internal, less known, or new after my last update. Google is known for working on advancements in search technologies, AI, and machine learning through various projects. ChatGPT (OpenAI) Nature : ChatGPT is an AI language model developed by OpenAI, based on the GPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) architecture. It's designed to generate human-li

Before explaining how Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) work, let me give a quick introduction on semiconductor. Semiconductors are not good conductors of electricity due to very few free electrons (about 4-6 orders less free electrons than metals). This has to do with chemical bonding in the semiconductors, check this post . But, semiconductors can be manipulated by doping them with foreign elements to increase the number of free electrons. Let us take Silicon (Si) for example, Si has 4 covalent bonds with 4 adjacent Si atoms. If we dope Si with Phosphorous or Arsenic (P and As), we will end up with one extra free electrons as P or As can form 5 bonds. Similarly if we dope Si with either Boron or Alumnium (B and Al), we will end up with a free hole (absence of electrons, these can conduct electricity too) as B and Al can only form 3 bonds. (Source of the image: LINK ) Doping is know as n-type if it results in an extra electron and p-type if an extra hole is created. An electron can

Introduction Solar cell convert solar energy directly into electric energy using a phenomenon known as photoelectric effect and that is why there are also known as Photovoltaics. Photoelectric effect in simple terms is release of electron due to absorption of a Photon. As I have already described in one of the podcast here that electrons reside in specifically defined states by rules of quantum mechanics. So, when a photon strikes an atom, one of the electrons can be knocked loose and can be captured into a circuit using electrode thereby converting solar energy into electric energy. (Source of the gif: http://www.bluffton.edu/courses/TLC/MontelA/Montel/Alternative_Energy_Website/jenaefinal.gif) Science behind Typically, number of solar cells are connected to each other and combination is known as Solar panels. Common solar cells are made from a junction which are engineered in a way that photons energy is greater or equal to the band gap. Band gap is an energy range in which n

First off, our eyes can only detect a small portion of electromagnetic spectrum known as visible region (400-700 nm in wavelength). Our retina has no sensitivity for radio, x-rays and other radiations outside of visible region. (Source of image: http://www.sun.org/encyclopedia/electromagnetic-spectrum) Color by reflection Color in a substance can be produced from various mechanisms, most common of which is the reflection. An object is red because it absorbs all the color except red which is reflected back and detected by retina in our eyes. Grass is green because it produces a pigment name Chlorophyll (used for photosynthesis). Chlorophyll is a stronger absorbed of red and blue light and reflects green color and hence the color of the grass. Color by scattering But reflection is not the only mechanism by which color is produced like color of sky can be explained by a scattering phenomenon knows as "Rayleigh Scattering". Rayleigh found that scattering power of partic

 Our Milky Way has more than 100 billion stars and there are billions of galaxies in the universe. So an obvious question is how it all started?   Postulation Humans have been trying to figure this out for centuries and ironically most accepted theory today was first proposed by a theologian named George Lemaitre in early 1927. It did not gain momentum until an astronomer named Edwin Hubble ( Hubble telescope named after him) found out that Universe is expanding. This led many to theorize that if universe is expanding so it must have been started as tiny and dense point. Hubble was mocked for years and in fact the name "Big Bang Theory" was coined sarcastically by astronomer Fred Hoyle.  Evidence? It was an accidental discovery in 1964 by astronomer Wilson and Penzias that led to second experimental evidence (first being expansion of the universe) for Big Bang Theory. They discovered persistent radio signal in their antennas which is attributed to energy phot

As we know from high school science class, atom consists of a nucleus comprised of neutrons and protons and nucleus is surrounded by electrons. But what are protons, neutrons and electrons made of? Proton is made of two types of elementary particles: one "down quark" and two "up quark". There are six types of quarks. Whereas, neutron is also made of quarks but from two "down quark" and one "up quark". Charge of "up quark" is positive 2/3rd of electron where for "down quark" it's negative 1/3rd of electron. And hence protons are positive and neutrons are neutral. Quarks can not exist as individual particles like electron does, and always found in combination known as hadrons. Protons and neutrons are hadrons. Quarks, are help together by strong interaction via exchange of gluons. Now hadrons can interact with each other by exchanging mesons. And due to this interaction between hadrons via mesons we have protons and neu

We have already discussed in the previous post that a hotter object has atoms with high kinetic energy. If this object is put in contact with a colder object, energetic atoms will start to transfer heat to atoms of colder object and this is phenomenon is known as heat conduction. But,  Sun is about 100 million miles away from the earth and yet we still feel it's heat. Space between earth and sun is vacuum  with no particles to conduct the heat. So, how is heat conducted 100 million miles away to earth without any heat carriers? This occur through the phenomenon known as "heat radiation".  Sun surface is very hot (about 6000 C) and so atoms of gases (hydrogen and helium) in Sun have very high kinetic energy. Electromagnetic radiation (heat) is emitted whenever an electric charge is accelerated.  These energetic atoms have positive charge and negative charge, and constantly bumping into other atoms and thus accelerating and decelerating. So, Sun emits heat in the form of